Synthesis of Esters Essay Example

Synthesis of Esters Essay SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS USING GREEN AND NON-GREEN CHEMISTRY Abstract Esters are a class of organic compounds with the general formula RCOOR’. Ester also contributes the flavor and aromas in fruits and flowers. The esterification reactions will use in the procedure, which are the interaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, aided by an inorganic acid catalyst (H2SO4). Moreover, the green method will not use any catalyst but using heating source instead (microwave). Based on the comparison of two methods, green chemistry is the effective method because reduce the consumption energy and less time consuming than the non-green chemistry preparation. Introduction Esters are among the most widespread of all naturally occurring compounds. Many simple esters are pleasant-smelling liquids that are responsible for the  fragrant odors of fruits and flowers. Examples are benzyl acetate, which is finding in orange oil, and isopentyl acetate, which is the part of banana oil. The ester linkage is also present in animal fats and in many biologically important molecules. Esters can be formed from both organic and inorganic acids and the process of producing an ester is called an Esterification. Esters of organic acids are usually colorless, neutral liquids, pleasant-smelling and generally insoluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents. Esters are prepared synthetically in large quantities for commercial use as artificial fruit essences and other flavorings and as components of perfumes. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Esters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Esters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Esters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Esterification is used to derivatize carboxylic acids and other acidic functional groups. In a typical reaction, Esterification involves the condensation of the carboxyl group of an acid and the hydroxyl group of an alcohol, with the elimination of water (Konwar, 2008). Many Esterification reactions are slow and elevated temperatures are frequently used. Since the Esterification reaction is an equilibrium reaction, it may be necessary to remove the water generated during the reaction. The chemical industry uses esters for a variety of purposes. Ethyl acetate, for example, is a common solvent found in nail-polish remover, and dialkyl phthalates are used as plasticizers to keep polymers from becoming brittle (Wilkes, 2005). They also have important medical uses. Ethyl nitrite is a diuretic and an antipyretic. The aim of this experiment is to compare the effectiveness between green and non-green chemistry of esterification by using the infrared spectroscopy and each percentage yield. Non-green chemistry will use acid catalyst in the reaction, but green chemistry will use microwave radiation instead of the acid-catalyst. The preparation of banana oil will perform in this experiment to determine the effectiveness of green and non-green chemistry. Below is the general mechanism of esterification: Experiment Details A. Non Green method of preparation of Banana Oil Isopentyl alcohol was used to synthesize the banana oil. 15-mL of isopentyl alcohol was placed in a 100-mL round-bottom flask and 20 mL of glacial acetic acid was added. Then, swirl the flask and 4 mL of conc. H2SO4 was added carefully to the flask. A reflux condenser was set up to reflux the mixture for one hour, and then cool down the mixture to room temperature. After the mixture was cooled down, the reaction mixture was placed in a separatory funnel followed by 55 mL of cold water to separate the lower aqueous layer. Then, extract the organic layer (upper layer) with 25 mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution twice and also extract the organic layer with 25 mL of water. Finally, add 5 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride to aid in layer separation which removes traces of water from the organic layer. Then, Draw off the lower aqueous layer and Pour the top organic layer into an Erlenmeyer flask and dry with 2 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. UOregon) The distillation was performed after the substance dried. Collect all distilled material but collect the fraction between 134 and 143 oC in a separate tared flask. Keep the receiver flask cold to reduce the vapor escaping into the lab environment. Finally, the product was weighed and the IR was obtained. (Umsl) First Process: Reflux CondenserSecond Process: Titration Third Process: Distillation B. Green method of preparation of Banana Oil Under the hood, 7. 0 mL of acetic anhydride was mixed with 8. 0 mL of 3-methylbutanol in the microwave. Then, the sample was heated constantly at 100oC for 8 minutes. After that, the product was poured into a 100 mL beaker under the hood. Then, slowly add 25 mL of water and Titrate with 40. 0 mL of 2. 0 M NaOH. Finally, the product was weighed and the IR was obtained. Result Below is the table 1 that illustrates the data obtained from synthesis of banana oil using green and non-green chemistry followed by each percentage yield. Table 1: Data Obtained From Synthesis of Banana Oil Using Green and Non-Green Method | Green Method| Non-green Method| Theoretical Yield (g)| 6. 26| 17. 966| Mass Obtained (g)| 9. 63| 8. 769| Percent Yield (%)| 65%| 49%| Figure 1 illustrates the reference IR of isopentyl alcohol was attached. Figure 2 and Figure 4 illustrate the first trial IR of non-green chemistry of banana oil were attached. Figure 5 illustrates the second trial IR of non-green chemistry of banana oil was attached. Lastly, Figure 3 illustrates the IR of banana oil in green chemistry was attached. Discussion/Analysis The preparation of banana oil was done by using non-green chemistry and green chemistry. As said above, sulfuric acid was used for non-green while the green chemistry was only used the microwave to prepare the banana oil. There are three methods for non-green method, which are reflux condenser, titration, and distillation. First trial, the preparation was stopped after reflux the mixture and it was kept in the refrigerator for one week. After one week, the preparation was continued until the distillation and the IR was obtained also. According to the IR, Figure 2, it showed that lots of water contamination in the product compared to the reference IR (isopentyl acetate). By knowing that, my group decided to do the second trial of banana oil preparation with non-green method and we put more drying agent in the first trial product. When the preparation was repeated, we stopped after titration process and kept in the refrigerated with drying agent for one week. And, the drying agent was also added in the first trial of banana oil preparation. In the 3rd week of experiment, the second trial of preparation was continued to the distillation process and followed by obtaining the IR of second trial preparation and the IR of product in the first trial with more drying agent. According to those IR, it really showed the significant differences between first trial and second trial. Figure 5 showed less absorption of water contamination compared to the Figure 2 in the first trial. Even though we added more drying agent in the first trial product, the IR still showed more water contamination than the second trial preparation but the water got reduced when we kept the product with drying agent for one week (Figure 3). By comparing these two trials, discontinue the preparation in the middle of the process had affect in the product which is water contamination. Due to the amount of time that we have in the lab, we couldn’t finish all steps for banana oil preparation with non-green method in one day. Therefore, the preparation of banana oil should be done in one day experiment for the future experiment to avoid lots of water contamination in the product and would have the better yield than this experiment (49%). For green chemistry, the banana oil was prepared under the hood and using the microwave radiation. Within 8 minutes in constant temperatures (110oC) and titration with sodium hydroxide, the preparation of banana oil was done successfully. Figure 3 showed the evidence that the banana oil was prepared effectively because the IR was closed to the reference IR (isopentyl acetate). The percentage yield was 65% which higher than the non-green chemistry’s percentage yield. The low percentage was due to the evaporation some the products when heating the substance in the regular microwave. If we used the microwave reaction vessel, maybe the mixture will not evaporate as much as we used the regular microwave. But, the IR really showed that the product was pure. Based on the result of two methods in preparation of banana oil, the green chemistry was really effective to use in real life. Beside is green, the process was done really fast compared to the non-green chemistry which can take more than one day if we use the large scale. The benefits for using green chemistry are eliminated the need for using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, and ether for the extraction, eliminates the need for the distillation, and also reduces energy consumption. Performing the experiment using green chemistry also enabled easy product recovery, easy recycling, microwave-promoted heating, completion of the chemical reaction in a matter of minutes, compared to the hour of reflux required with conventional heating (Sanghi, 2003) After doing this experiment, the limitation of directions should provide for the future experiments. The experiment time should be longer to finish the preparation of banana oil in non-green chemistry in order to have the high yield and pure products. For green chemistry, I believe that we should prepare in microwave that has temperature control and pressure inside which can reduce the evaporation when the mixture heated. Source possible of error that can be thinks of is the mixture was not reflux enough (less than 1 hour), Conclusion Isopentyl acetate was prepared by refluxing isopentyl alcohol with excess acetic acid and sulfuric acid. The acetate was obtained by distillation in 49 percent yield and a boiling point of 134-143oC. The acetates structure was confirmed using IR spectra. The IR spectrum (Figure 5) shows a strong absorption at 1740 cm-1 consistent with a C=O stretching vibration. Isopentyl acetate was successfully synthesized using microwave radiations instead of sulfuric acid. The acetate was obtained by titration in 65 percent yield. Upon examination of the IR spectrum, it was found out that the product spectrum had similarities with the reference IR. This indicated that the product obtained was in fact isopentyl acetate. References Konwar, Dilip. Esterification of Carboxylic Acids by Acid Activated Kaolinite Clay. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology: Vol. 15, January 2008: pp. 75-78. Retrieved June 9, 2010. lt;http://nopr. niscair. res. in/bitstream/123456789/872/1/IJCT%2015%281%29%20%282008%29%2075-78. pdfgt; Preparation of 3-Methylbytylacetate (Banana Oil) in the Microwave Oven. Uoregon. Retrieved April 10, 2010

E-tailing

E-tailing Retailing e-tailingLands' EndForwardThe company selected as the subject of this project is Lands' End. The criteria were:1. Size- Lands' End is probably the largest apparel retailer on the Internet2. Reputation- The company enjoys a sterling reputation with most of its customers3. Personal knowledge- the researcher is a long time very satisfied customer of Lands' End.4. Availability of information- The Company is now owned by Sears Roebuck who acquired it in June 2002. There is no current financial information available and historic results are difficult to impossible to locate. There is a good deal of information on the company's policies and business practices. This seemed more valuable for the purposes of this project than financial information.The company is interesting as a hugely successful Internet retailer built upon a history of success in other forms of retailing. It has also succeeded in utilizing the net in highly creative ways to overcome some of the difficulties inheren t in its chosen product categories.Sears & Roebuck founder Richard W. Sears spent his...What is e-tailing"E-tailing (less frequently: etailing) is the selling of retail goods on the Internet. Short for "electronic retailing", and used in Internet discussions as early as 1995, the term seems an almost inevitable addition to e-mail, e-business, and e-commerce. E-tailing is synonymous with business-to-consumer (B2C) transaction". SearchCIO.com (2006)E-tailing began to work for some major corporations and smaller entrepreneurs as early as 1997 when Dell Computer reported multimillion dollar orders taken at its Web site. The launch of the Lands' End site in 1995 makes it one of the pioneers among e-tailing pioneers. The success of Amazon.com hastened the arrival of Barnes and Noble's e-tail site. Concerns about secure order-taking receded. 1997 was also the year in which Auto-by-Tel reported that they had sold their millionth car over the Web, and...

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Final paper - Essay Example Therefore, in this paper, I will be discussing institutional racism based on stereotypes and how it has come to affect Middle Easterners. I will attempt to make a comparison between past and present treatment of students of Middle Eastern origin in the United States as well as show different places where this type of discrimination might take place. Furthermore, I will discuss how stereotypes of these individuals often affect these individuals in both their public and personal lives based on my own experiences. In the United States, institutional racism has become a part of everyday life for many individuals especially from the Middle East or for those Americans who have origins in this region. In my experience as a student of Middle Eastern origin, institutional racism enforces stereotypes of people from this region without necessarily taking into account their individual differences. I have been faced with many problems during my stay in the United States and this has been based on beliefs by ordinary Americans that because of the way I look, I am a threat to them. There was an instance where after going into a restaurant to get something to eat, I was viewed suspiciously by not only its staff, but the customers as well. Many of these customers actually moved away from the table that I took and despite waiting for a long time, no one seemed to be willing to come to my service. This was within my first few days in the United States and my dreams of this country being a bastion of liberali sm were shattered as I came to realize that the stereotype of Arabs as terrorists had become firmly entrenched in American viewpoint (Oswald 1775). I later came to experience open discrimination at the University of Arizona when attending classes, and this became a trend because whenever I entered a classroom, and took a seat, the students who had been sitting all around me would move away from me and take other seats. Only those who did not seem to have a problem with me or my

The Exxon Valdez Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Exxon Valdez Company - Case Study Example As the paper highlights, the company also launched cleanup initiatives to ensure the water were clean. The in Exxon tanker oil spill, however, boosted disaster preparedness in many organizations today. The incidence occurred in 1989 characterized by oil spill from an Exxon tanker. The Exxon Corporation and Alyeska Pipeline services faced considerable disapproval in view of the manner in which they handled the incidence. The spill occurred on 24 March and spread over considerable square miles. The Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska were the most affected areas by the spill. The incidence created serious environmental concerns because of the effect it brought to the environment including the waters. It would also have profound effects on the oil production in the area of Alaska. The company undertook clean up initiatives and compensated different stakeholders affected by the oil spill. The major issues in the case included the imperfect and slow response to the oil spill. An i n-depth analysis of the response reveals instances of unpreparedness of the organizations to handle the situation. Instances of mismanagement and negligence were evident from the approach use as a response to the spill. The decision of the ship’s captain to attempt to free the tanker from the reef was a sign of underperformance. According to officials, the decision led to further spill of the oil. After getting the oil spill report, Alyeska crews did not respond in a manner that showed their preparedness for an oil spill. The company did not have sufficient containment equipment, which were vital for managing the situation. This was a case of mismanagement. Alyeska Pipeline services did not depict proper disaster preparedness strategies. The organization’s oil-spill containment equipment was in disarray and took a long time to assemble. There was improper preparation of ways in which to transport the equipment to the oil spill point.  

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay The Human Resources Profession Map was created by the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD) together with Human Resources (HR) practitioners. The aim was to highlight and explain what HR personnel need to know, do and how to deliver the highest standards of knowledge, skills and behaviour required for growth and success within an organisation. The HR Map is a very important tool to help personnel identify areas that need to be developed within their career. The HR Professional Map is created for any type of organisation (small or large) and is based around areas of professional competencies to help those just starting their careers as well as seasoned professionals. The Map is structured around ten professional areas, eight behaviours and four bands of professional competence. It holds two professional core areas, which are insights, strategy and solutions and leading HR. These areas are essential for any worker who needs to develop skills to the best possible level. Firstly, s/he needs to understand the companys values and have a thorough knowledge of what the company does. The basics need to be covered before the employee can proceed within the other training and development parts of the profession map. After learning about insights, strategies and solutions, the HR practitioners should be aware of any arising problems that could effect their work place. The knowledge that comes from the gained behavioural skills should be good enough for HR practitioners to be able to come up with solutions and adapt it to new situations, helping an employee gain confidence and become a better leader. Another eight professional areas that professionals need to know are; service delivery and information; organisation design; organisation development;  resourcing and talent planning; learning and talent development; performance and reward; employee engagement and employee relations. The eight behaviours show what kind of attributes HR practitioners should implement, which are; being curious; a decisive thinker; skilled influencer; personally credible; collaborative; driven to deliver; having the courage to challenge and being a role model. All of those areas and behaviours are covered by four bands of competence. Band one would be for beginners who start their career and have a basic understanding of the HR role and band four would be for senior professionals who have the most experience within a company. The key area for me to focus on within my company would be employee engagement at band one of professional competency. For the last six years I have been working at the cinema where I have learnt everything about the companys values and goals, through starting as a staff-member to becoming a duty-manager. Employee engagement is a very important level of commitment to any company; an engaged employee should always have pride in what s/he does and work hard to achieve success. In order to have motivated and positive staff who deliver outstanding results, I need to know how to communicate, listen, train/coach my team members, setting aspirational targets through meetings, appraisals and one-to-one sessions. I am sent for various training sessions which provides me with the ability to provide the best support and training for my personnel. After observing and listening to my staff I have noticed that people learn in various ways and I need to adopt different methods in training sessions to get the best out of them and to make them feel valued and motivated. ACTIVITY 2 Understanding Customer Needs. It happens very often in my professional role that certain customers come to me asking for some data, advice or requiring assistance. Not so long ago I had three customers simultaneously come to me with individual problems. They were: Staff Member Emma, who wanted to find out how many hours of holiday she earned so far and when would be the best time to book her holidays. Operational Assistant Ben, who wanted me to add the new starters which would  be starting from the beginning of next week to the system and send a new starter form to the Head Office HR Manager. General Manager Paul, who asked me to check our monthly payroll which just got sent through and needed to be replied to by the end of the working day. It is essential that I always try to prioritise my tasks according to the customer needs and the impact it would have on the company. At the beginning I told Emma that I was unable to focus on her query at that specific moment, but would make sure that tomorrow I would have more time to talk through her holiday requests. My priority was checking the monthly payroll. The task was set by my General Manager and I had only till the end of the day to check it. I need to have enough time to thoroughly check the payroll as if there are any mistakes I need to create a report with all the faults found and send it to the HR manager to investigate. Adding new staff to the system was my second priority. The staffs data did not go live until the week after and therefore was lacking any real pressure in terms of time, and the system we use is simple and straight-forward. Nevertheless, it took priority over Emma in case there were mistakes that would later delay this important and timely process. As stated, Emma was my last priority because her query was not as pressing as the previous two. However, I still made her feel important and valued by informing her that I would have everything ready for the meeting the next day. Effective Communication Effective communication is important in every work place. It is essential for employees to build the appropriate level of trust and understanding, to help create strong working relationships and therefore solve any arising problems with more ease. The three most common ways to communicate in my company are: Face to face. The most efficient and common within my role, it is used when I want to delegate jobs to staff members, within team meetings etc. This type of communication cannot be ignored and is particularly successful in motivating staff to do their jobs effectively. Although sometimes face-to-face can be difficult and cause problems; when dealing with a difficult situation it is sometimes hard to stay calm or always see eye-to-eye. Emotions can become visible which may cloud communication and further exasperate an event. E-mails. These are used on a regular basis. Most contact with external customers is through e-mail and so we need to make sure they are always answered swiftly. They are easy, effectively free and a very fast form of communication. For my internal customers I use an e-mail service for sending out rotas and other staff requests, therefore it is important to check it daily. Unfortunately, sometimes e-mails may be misread and people could feel offended by its content due to miscommunication. Also, some messages may be misplaced and sent to a customers spam folder and therefore treated as unsent and ignored, causing negative experiences. Feedback Forms. A very popular method that is used for one-to-one meetings, probation reviews and appraisals. These forms provide to customers a clear and concise outline of their positive/negative behaviour, and acknowledge, with their line manager, what kind of changes need to be made, creating a clear plan that could help with their development. Feedback can also help staff feel appreciated and increase their self-esteem. A disadvantage of feedback forms may be the subjective nature of feedback (as anyone within the management team can choose to provide a form without first going through any procedures or checks) leaving open the possibility of personal opinions clashing with a customers work ethic. Effective Service Delivery To be able to meet all customer needs the company should have an effective service delivery. Good working relationships and team work should be key to creating a good service delivery for our customers. Everyday I have to deliver satisfactory service on time. Whether it is with our external customers by replying to their e-mails or phone calls on a daily basis or for my internal customers when writing rotas and meeting deadlines set by Management or Head Office. It is essential for a HR practitioner to be able to deliver a service within a timely manner because that will help build trust with customers. Delivering a service on budget is essential in my work place as I have to deal with it on a daily basis. I am mostly responsible for payroll and, within my company, payroll is the biggest controlling cost. Every week we have to schedule staff according to expected business levels. On top of this, everyday we have to control our forecast and act accordingly to set hours, which may incl ude sending staff home when it is quiet or  calling more people in when it is busy. Dealing with difficult customers and handling complaints is not easy, especially external ones. Whenever I have to deal with one I am always focused, listen to the persons complaint, apologise for the problem and try to explain why certain situation have happened. Im always trying to put myself in their position and empathise with them. Sometimes just explaining things may resolve the problem because a customer may not understand something, be confused or simply be agitated and in need of assistance. I asses the situation and decide how best to resolve it (whether with a mere apology or free guest passes etc). If the customer is still not happy with the outcome and would like the complaint to go further, I pass the situation onto head office to be dealt with more formally. When handling and resolving complains it is important to stay calm, communicate and be aware how serious the complaint is. Sometimes is okay to to resolve it in an informal one-to-one meeting but if its something serious like Gross Misconduct, then the complaint must be dealt with formally which could result in dismissal. Looking at the Associate Membership criteria I would need to develop practical and technical HR knowledge and collating, analysing and interpreting data. These two areas stand out the most from the associated membership criteria because I know I could develop these skills better throughout my personal development plan and become a more skilled HR practitioner. Learning more about practical and technical HR knowledge will expand my awareness and make me a more rounded, proficient professional. And learning how to properly collate, analyse and interpret data is something I have yet to really learn and so will give me a crucial grounding for further development. In order to be able to grow within developing practical and technical HR knowledge I would have to gain a lot of experience by shadowing my HR manager and fellow colleagues. In my organisation it is very important to know as much as possible about the human resources department because we do not have many people on site with HR skills. After learning about HR development I could focus on one or two key areas, such as disciplinary procedures or maternity leave, which would add key areas of knowledge to my  current HR capabilities. I believe that developing yourself practically and technically is essential for an individual who wants to become a good HR practitioner within his/her company as this is a core grounding to any career in HR. Collating, analysing and interpreting data is connected to developing practical and technical knowledge within my HR area. By getting support from my line managers I can be trained in creating weekly analyses of all payroll reports such as sickness submissions, lateness tracker and breaks. That skill would teach me how to work on our workforce payroll and I would get to know the rules and disciplinary procedures. With that in mind, I would be able to implement visible data and make staff responsible for their absences. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is a â€Å"combination of approaches, ideas and techniques that will help you manage your own learning and growth†, focusing â€Å"firmly on results – the benefits that professional development can bring you in the real world† (CIPD website). It can be defined as a life-long learning project that describes the actions of an individual professional who is continuously planning, managing, reviewing and developing his/her skills within their professional or private life. The main aspect of CPD is the Personal Development Plan (PDP) which is structured to help and support individuals to be able to plan and organise their objectives or values in their personal or career development. It identifies what skills and knowledge you need to develop to progress further. I believe that CPD is important to me and my organisation because it gives me and my employer a chance to grow and progress within my career. It sets clear objectives and provides an opportunity to widen any knowledge and skills which are important to succeed within the organisation. By planning my PDP I am able to understand my strengths and weaknesses and learn how to improve them day by day. It keeps me interested therefore I feel motivated and positive. The company can also benefit from having the structure of CPD in place as it helps the company move forward by having motivated and happy personnel, as well as better working relationships due to managers spending more time with staff through one-to-one meetings and appraisals. The two options that I chose from my personal development plan are having practical and technical HR knowledge and completion of my CIPD course. Personally, advantages of having practical and technical HR knowledge would be the ability to implement my new skills on site and be able to use more of my own initiative on day to day basis. By shadowing my HR manager and having support from my head office team I would be able to learn about all procedures very quickly. In having those skills I would know how to run the HR department and by doing so I would be very well prepared for HR audits. The only disadvantage for this area would be time organisation, in making sure I can travel to London (and therefore needing cover) and that my HR manager has time to coach me, although this would only be for a set amount of time. The reason why I chose to study an online CIPD course is because I wanted to get my qualification while I was still working a full-time job. It provides great flexibility and no daily travel saves a lot of time and money. I find studying online is less stressful than face-to-face college as it allows me to work within my on surroundings and at a pace I am comfortable with. All lessons are available via a website and the tutors are always quick in responding to e-mails. A disadvantage to studying online is the lack of visible pressure from tutors to push me to work between my regular weekly shifts at work, although this at least helps improve my self-motivational skills.

Henry ford Drivers ed paper :: essays research papers

Born July 30, 1863 in Dearborn, Michigan, Henry Ford was the first child of William and Mary Ford. As a young man he became an excellent self-taught mechanic and machinist. At age 16 he left the farm and went to nearby Detroit, a city that was becoming an industrial giant. There he worked as an apprentice at a machine shop, while months later he would begin work with steam engines at the Detroit Dry Dock Co., where he first saw the internal combustion engine, the kind of engine he would later use to make his automobiles.. On April 11, 1888 he married Clara Bryant and soon after they had their first son Edsel. By Christmas Eve 1893, Henry completed his first gasoline engine and started to build racing cars. In 1901 his car beat what was then the world's fastest automobile in a race before a crowd of eight thousand people in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. The publicity he received for this victory allowed Ford to finance a practical laboratory for refining his auto ideas. In 1903 the Ford Motor Company was formed. People did not believe he could make a car that the working man could afford. He achieved his goal of having a car that the average man could afford by using the idea of mass production. Ford soon began production on his most famous car the model T. It took a while but in 1913 Ford created the first moving assembly line in his plant. Soon demand for his affordable cars soared. Of course, there were not always supporters of Henry Ford. If fact, there were many critics who believed that Henry Ford was so controversial that it prevented the potential of Fords from becoming greater than it is today. By the mid twenties the Ford was already the worlds most successful automobile company, but their great reputation would soon decline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On January 5, 1914 Henry Ford’s announcement of the incredible $5 dollar/day plan swept the newspapers across the nation. The Detroit Journal announced, The surprise of the labor leaders and the consternation of manufacturers, Henry Ford announced on Jan 5, 1914 that a minimum wage of $5 dollars/day would be instituted immediately in the Ford plants, along with a profit sharing plan for all male employees. Not only did Henry Ford’s new deal shock the nation; it sent a tremendous number of workers to Detroit. For the next ten years people would do anything to become a worker of one of Henry Ford’s plants.

The City Life and the Country Life

Living area has always been a hotly discussed topic. Each person has their own preferences for staying in either a city, or the countryside. The typical differences between the city life and the country life will be soundly presented in this piece of paper. A city life differs from a country life in term of food and intellectual stimulation. To begin with, living in the city offers you various kinds of food. Cities are supposed to be the biggest food markets, therefore chefs do not have to travel far to get the oversea ingredients.Moreover, the city is certain to provide more facilities needed for intellectual stimulation than the countryside. Some of the major ones include modern technologies in universities, the diversity of books and magazines in libraries and bookstores, the enormous number of artworks in galleries and museums†¦ On the other hand, the country life contrasts with the city life regarding food and intellectual stimulation. Citizens in the countryside areas migh t not have a long list of foods, but they can guarantee that what they have been eating is totally safe because it is self-produced.More interestingly, many people consider the countryside an ideal place for educating a cultured person. Since it does not have as many amenities as the city, life in the country brings up more contemplative peace and quietness. One would have more time interact with himself, without being distracted by the outside elements as in a city. In brief, there are remarkable differences in food and intellectual stimulation between a city life and a country life. I highly recommend that you should consider my essay to make an appropriate decision on which area is the most suitable for yourself.